Our Physical And Ecological Environment That Shapes Our...

In this paper, I will argue between our physical and ecological environment that shapes our society and culture. First of all, we already have a firm scientific basis by which to assess the effect it has on the development of biology. For example, Darwinian science makes it clear that environment provides the driving force over long periods of time, longer than recorded of human cultural history. Darwin’s legendary Galapagos finches, with their beaks each adapted to the differing food sources on different islands, are a perfect example of the sort of determinism that some scholars fallaciously wish to apply to the evolution of culture. But for culture, despite of popular cant about â€Å"memetics† that does not evolve biologically. As we†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, the larger correlation between biodiversity and cultural diversity does seem to persist in different studies of different regions. Such as, in Nabhan, Pines et al. in their 2002 article on â€Å"Safeguarding Species, Languages, and Cultures in the Time of Diversity Loss† look instead at a different region, the Colorado Plateau in North America, where the same conclusions appear to hold, although in this case it seems that human intellectual culture (i.e., academia) remains hung up on old ideas that no longer have any relevance to a genuine objective assessment. Furthermore, the Colorado Plateau undoubtedly ranks among the top five American regions north of the Tropic of Cancer in terms of linguistic, cultural, and biological diversity, as well as in biological and linguistic/cultural endemism. Nevertheless there is not a single conservation plan that takes into account both the cultural diversity and the biological diversity of the region. It is as if the

Women at Work Essay - 778 Words

Women at Work Throughout the 20th century women have had to fight harder to get ahead in the male owned workplace. With obstacles such as discrimination, lower wages, and the lack of management positions, how are women competing with men? Are women accepting the treatment from society or is this the way it should be. No way! That is why women are fighting back. In today’s society women are as active as they have ever been in our workforce. In recent studies (Sociology Text Book) women have taken to the forefront in starting there own businesses yet they lag far behind there male counterparts in positions of corporate management. The Women’s Bureau of the U.S. Department of Labor lists the 20 leading occupations of employed women. Of†¦show more content†¦In recent years, the numbers of sexual discrimination cases have continued to increase. Besides discrimination, women also seem to be finding it more difficult to earn the respect of men and even sometimes women once they become a member of management. Women have bonded together to form various groups and organizations to help assist other women with some of these challenges. One of the most noted of these organizations is the Women’s Business Center which offers grants and resources to female small business owners. Many women have overcome the challenge of gett ing ahead of there male counterparts by going back to college and in some fields receiving specialized training. A lot of employers often see women as emotional and attempt to keep women out of management positions. Women can be and often are just as aggressive in business as males but women tend to have a sense of conscience in which many men see as a weakness. Though women outnumber men in many job occupations, there still remains a lot of room for improvement when it comes to the salaries women are paid versus than male counterparts performing the same job. Women are steadily playing the catch up game when it comes to salaries. The average woman must work 15 months to make the same wages that men make in only 12 months. When comparing women’s salary to other employees of their own gender, it has been proven that collegeShow MoreRelatedThe Work Of Women s Work1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe work of women has gone through many transformations since the first colonists came to America in search of a better life. Although the work performed by women is not considered glamorous or noteworthy, it has always been essential to the fabric of society. Women perform jobs that keep households and society running efficiently in our everyday lives as well as providing critical support during times of war and crisis. Even though women’s wor k has been historically underpaid and conditions lessRead MoreWomen at Work Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesimprovement of females having independence, is the cause of the ever growing number of working women. These, along with many other statistics are showing the rapid improvement and change that woman and families are showing. Year after year we can see the dynamics of the family shifting. It is not the same anymore, that women are the housewives doing all the housework and childcare. However women still have to work to get the equality, and not have to face The second shift once they get home. HusbandsRead MoreWomen, Work, and Babies1766 Words   |  8 Pagesmedia-fueled alarm is sounded and a talking head commands the charge. Childcare provider and news commentator Judy Lyden speaks of this on-going war as such: â€Å"Every few years, women throw emotional rocks at one another over the issue of staying at home to rear a child or going out to work leaving a child in childcareà ¢â‚¬  (qtd. in â€Å"Working Women†). There will not be an end to the animosity until we realize everyone loses when we insist our own ideals and choices are the best ones for everyone. One only needsRead MoreRole of Women in Maupassants Works1658 Words   |  7 Pagesrelation to his works, it is stated that he normally didnt like work and whenever he found free time, for which he actually searched for, he used to spend it in pursuit of women, which can probably relate to how he expresses hypocrisy in womens characters and have a better understanding of them. So speaking of this fact, it can some how be related to the aspect of the role of women in Maupassants work which is one of the key aspects in his pessimistic views in his stories as well. When women are takenRead MoreEssay on Women Leaving Work630 Words   |  3 PagesWhy do women leave careers after having invested heavily in developing the skills that would help them succeed in their career? Some research suggests that many women do not freely choose to leave the workplace, but instead are pushed out by persistent workplace barriers such as limited workplace flexibility, unaffordable childcare, and negative stereotypes about working mothers (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/releases/women-who-leave-the-workplace-opting-out-or-overlooking-discriminationRead MoreEquality of Women in the Work Sector773 Words   |  3 PagesHistorically, in many countries, women have been considered to belong to the lower and weaker section of society. In the Indian culture as well, there is ongoing discrimination against women and it is inclining day by day. The female section has to face a lot and different types of discrimination – at home, in schools, in colleges, while using public transport, and even at the workplace. In this article, my intention is to elaborate upon gender discrimination against women at the workplace. There areRead More Women in the Work Force Essay2492 Words   |  10 PagesWomen in the Work Force Working in a factory which is similar to living in a third world country is difficult. Horrible, intolerable conditions haunt workers at home and in the working environment. Women lead tough lives because they are dictated orders, by men, in and out of the house. Many women have families to support, so making little salaries is a strain on the family. The main issue with conditions in the work force is that management does not have a clear understanding of what theRead MoreFamilly-Work Conflicts with Women2866 Words   |  12 PagesAre females seen as having family-work conflicts at Hydrogen Group than their male co-workers? Introduction Based on a recent report from the ILO (International Labour Organisation), more females are engaged in work today than ever in the past. Despite a significant improvement in the involvement of females in the labour force with equal experience and qualification level as males, female workers still face the glass ceiling and a number of challenges in career development (McGraw 2011). FamilyRead MoreGender And Work : Women s Roles1618 Words   |  7 PagesBridget Steele Dr. Katie Worman Ross SOC 4043 7 October 2017 Gender and Work Midterm Gender and work exist sociologically as a way to maintain both authority and inequality. Women’s roles throughout history shed a light on the expectations and stereotypes that exist today; however, navigating a gendered economy and overcoming sex segregation continues to be a challenging task for most women. Wages continue to be uneven, and wives continue to bear most of the child rearing and domestic responsibilitiesRead MoreRebecca Haidts Women, Work And Clothing1221 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Haidt’s Women, work and clothing in eighteenth-century Spain is a nine chapter book that shows and explains the history of how clothing was able to hit all corners of Spanish society of the 18th century. She reveals what the women did to get the clothing they wore, even if it was trading, barging, stealing, selling, and creating garments that marked their social status in their society they were living in. The author also goes in each chapter about the depection of them in t he theater. She

Media Studies Free Essays

April 5, 2013Unit 3 – Lesson 14 – Key Question #30Keitlin Okell In today’s society the media can portray different â€Å"groups† in certain ways towards society. One of these groups are teenagers; the realities that are portrayed within this specific group can be very misunderstood or very accurate depending on what is â€Å"seen† and â€Å"not seen†, values are also constructed within the media around us as teenagers not valuing what was valued in the past generations. Finally with the different media surrounding everyone’s lives, the commercial factors do influence the media with the â€Å"teenager† topic with giving teenagers a bad image sometimes but however the commercial factors can give a positive look on teenagers. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now If people were asked what their first thoughts of when they heard the word â€Å"teenager†, the first thoughts that come to their mind will probably shock you, with it being; negative, wild, irresponsible, immortal, violent, monsters, etc. These type of thoughts that are constructed about teenagers come from the media and what is â€Å"seen† and â€Å"not seen†. What is seen in the media the â€Å"glamorous† lifestyles of teenagers that go out to drink, party, abuse alcohol and drugs, deal with violence, and other inappropriate actions; all these actions are shown within movies, TV shows (reality or not), newspaper and even music. An example is the movie â€Å"Mean Girls†, this movie is about cliches, and how the high school life â€Å"is†, with the lies, sex, drinking, and not showing the positives of being a teenager and the difficulties that every teenager goes through. The media doesn’t show the hard part of being a teenager such as being bullied, exams, stress and insecurities. Also what is not shown within the media about teenagers is that they do care about politics, society’s issues, the environment, volunteering, their school work and other positive activities. Realistic wise, the media over exaggerates the topic of being a teenager because the media thrives on scandals even if that includes over reacting the â€Å"life of a teenager†; this is to get the audiences reaction, awareness and entertainment all at once. The values that are represented about teenagers are right but are also wrong. The negative values that are represented for teenagers is that they don’t care about â€Å"anything†, self-discipline, self- control is not as important as it was before. Teenage girls seem to be known to have the values of â€Å"teenage pregnancy†, while other teenagers have values of smoking weed, drinking, having a good time rather than having a good education, a future and moral values that will be needed to everyday life. On the other hand the positive values that are shown about teenagers are their families, education, respecting ourselves including our bodies, and some people might think this is bad but it could be a good thing, technology. Technology is growing every day and affecting everybody’s lives one way or another so the opinion that the teenager values technology all depends on the person’s thoughts. The social consequences of media portraying teenagers in this manner is that teenagers get a bad â€Å"image† and when someone sees a teenager now a days they will think they are up to no good, having no hope for the future generations including us and the generation after us. Teenagers have this â€Å"bad image† of being irresponsible, untrusted, and just unappreciated takes a toll on someone and they can act out and do the actions everybody expects them to do. Also what could happen is that with such a high expectation for somebody it can just be too much for that one person and that is where more problems can appear. Other social consequences that the media can contribute to is when on the TV, teenagers see these celebrities eat so much but yet have those â€Å"perfect† bodies that everybody seem to want, having commercials with models that look flawless when in reality they don’t look like that but of course the media doesn’t tell the audience that. The final discussion I want to talk about is the commercial factors that influence the media; the media mostly shows a Caucasian attractive person who is very confident and it seems to be that this â€Å"person† is in every TV show, commercial, movie, etc. The commercials that are shown in today’s society vary different objectives in the audience in what they want to sell or promote, it can be from a new smartphone (new technology) to a campaign about stopping bullying. The media is influencing the commercial factors by showing the audience of what â€Å"teenagers want† and what â€Å"teenagers need† as in help having a voice in bullying for example. The commercials can either show a positive look on teenagers or a negative look, normally the media has a little of both and that can influence a teenager either in a good way or bad. For example you see commercials that set awareness of drinking and driving or texting and driving giving teenagers a new outlook of what could possibly happen if they do these actions which in this case will leave a positive influence on teenagers in making the right choice. Commercial factors can influence teenagers, but in the end it all depends on the eenager and their thoughts and values. In the end, media does influence teenagers as it also portrays a good and bad image even if it’s realistic or not. The media has two sides of this, the â€Å"seen† and the â€Å"not seen† realities of teenagers, the values can be depicted by the audience if the teenagers values are true or not. The social consequences can vary but can be very serious with the media surrounding everybody every d ay and with the commercial factors that are also influenced by the media the teenager topic can either be looked at in a positive way or negative. How to cite Media Studies, Papers Media Studies Free Essays Racism is the theory that people from one race is superior to the other. It asserts the separatists view of the different races in terms of physical characteristics, cultural patterns and modes of behavior (â€Å"Racism†). Racism results into many forms of prejudices and inequities in terms of education, employment, social respect and the likes. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the US, one of the races that have been severely discriminated is the African Americans. The history of mass media in the United States laid witness to various racial discrimination experienced by cultural minorities. Perhaps the most noticeable form of discrimination is that of the employment opportunity in the mass media wherein only 16.2% of all employees involved in mass communication where from the minority groups (Mohammadi, 1995). To give more emphasis, only 8.9% are African American, the rest are Latins, Asians and etcetera. From the numbers given above it is evident that the media do not give equal opportunities to these minorities. However, what the public often fail to notice is the discrimination and mockery that the African-Americans experience in movies and other TV shows. Though the African-American TV host Ophra Winfrey is now enjoying much success and popularity, we need to have a deeper understanding for us to notice the hidden mockery in blockbuster hits of today. One fine example of such is the science fiction comedy Men in Black which is loved by many. The first release of the movie in 1997 grossed over 500 million dollars world wide and was later on followed by a sequel in 2002 which also gained much success. It was enjoyed by everyone including myself, however a deeper analysis would reveal the stereotypes given to African Americans and the discrimination that’s well hidden in the guide of comedy. Will Smith, a black comedian, is famous for his humor and in the movie he capitalized on it so well. However, he is placed side by side with the well composed, organized, calm and respected agent played by Tommy Lee Jones who is a white American. In the movie, Will Smith was a black agent who was incompetent in handling weapons and often complicates situations only for it to be solved by Tommy Lee Jones. The stereotype of blacks being incompetent in professional work is shown in the movie while hailing the whites as the great problem solver and savior of the blacks. Simple stereotypes as these often go as jokes and are pretty much enjoyed by many; however the social impact of these stereotypes should be given more emphasis. The next movie is that of Julia Styles and Sean Patrick entitled Save the Last dance. It’s a romantic movie in 2001 which revolved around the Application of Julia Styles in a dancing school. It was also a top grosser and was even voted as the most romantic movie in 2001 and won the MTV best kiss award. The movie was pretty obvious in stating the discrimination experienced by a white female white American and a male black American couple who lived in a city occupied mostly by blacks. In the movie, Sean and Julia ended up together in a supposedly â€Å"happy ending†, however if we take a deeper look, white supremacy is evident as she won the heart of Sean who is a cream of the cream in his school. Sean is a promising student with a lot of admirers in his school only to be smitten by the gorgeous white American therefore snagging the opportunity of black Americans to have a decent black man in their household. Though the movie aimed to show the struggles of the lovers in the process of fighting for their love, it only magnified the discrimination experienced by the blacks and the unequal opportunities especially when it comes to relationships. The movie further stressed that white women are more talented and beautiful and would therefore have better chances in ending up with a descent man. Their love story is a mockery to all African American Women. It seems that the media landscape in America has been reduced to black and white. The border of colors is evident though movie makers try to hide it with a veil of humor and drama. The stereotypes and the types of roles given to African Americans clearly show how this nation discriminates towards people with color. Furthermore, the roles given to African Americans are mostly of the goons with guns who deal with crimes and often sell drugs in sidewalks. Often they play menial jobs as car technicians and the like. These roles create a stereotype of African Americans in the mind of all whites. This further strengthens social stratification in our society. Now we need to ask is this reality? Are these roles as close as it is in real life? Though we can argue that in reality there are a lot of African Americans who are successful in what they do and are now rich and powerful. However we can never hide the fact that the ratio to those African Americans who are rich and powerful and those who are still mired in poverty is not equal. Even if many African Americans have climbed the economic ladder, most of them are still poor and poverty stricken. Poverty then leads to crime, thus, this is where movie makers get their stereotypes. Movies of gangsters only try to depict the realities in the ghettos. As what we have mentioned above, these stereotypes greatly affect the social stratification of this country. Perhaps we can’t blame the media for such discrimination. After all they only try to portray reality in how they view it.   Maybe we ought to examine society upon which the media and the movie makers cater to. Maybe then we will be able to realize that these stereotypes will remain as long as the audiences are willing to pay the tickets for a movie that enables them to laugh at the mockery of the current state of discrimination in this country. The movies are reflections of who day to day reality. The roles that actors portray is as close to reality as we may think, if we cannot erase the landscape of black and white in our own society then that landscape will prevail even on screen. References Mohammadi, A. (1995). Questioning the Media. A critical Introduction. Sage Publications Chang, E. (1992). Ethnic Peace in the America City. Building Community in Los Angeles and Beyond. How to cite Media Studies, Essay examples

Evaluation of Stress Moderation Model

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of Stress Moderation Model. Answer: Introduction: According to Rodrguez-Naranjo Cao, 2016 the gender has a moderating effect on the hopelessness expectations and daily stress in adolescents. The paper also studied the relationship between hopelessness depressions with coping styles. However, the study has some limitations. Firstly, the hierarchical regression analyses showed that boys revealed significant effects on the relationship between hopelessness expectations and daily stress. However, the level of daily stress is more in girls when compared to boys. Secondly, the paper did not address the contributing factors that cause hopelessness depression. Thirdly, the findings of the paper required to mention the strategies in cognitive styles of coping. Fourthly, there is a requirement to generalize the papers findings to sub clinical or clinical depression in adolescents. However, the paper addressed the relationship between the coping styles to daily stress and hopelessness depression in non-clinical adolescent populations. The ter m effect is studied via cross-sectional design. The results showed predictive statistical associations, but there is a need to establish casual links before addressing the associations between stress, coping styles with hopelessness depression and effect of gender on these associations. The socio-cultural aspects of the adolescents are also important to address as it has a great impact on the coping styles related to hopelessness depression (Hsieh et al., 2014). Previous studies showed that the cultural differences affect the coping styles in adolescents in dealing with stress and hopelessness depression. A strong cultural element and individual differences affect the level of stress and coping styles. In the paper by Young Dietrich, 2015 studied the common potential underlying mechanisms in the prediction and development of depression and anxiety symptoms. Moreover, the study also identified the underlying modifiable risk factors that targeted the mental health promotion and intervention strategies. The paper also studied the levels of worry, stress and rumination that predicted anxiety and depression in a six months outcome. A sample of 11 to 15-year-old community-based adolescents was taken for a longitudinal pilot study. The first research gap lies in the sample size. The timeframe for the research was six months and the sample size was small when compared to the time period. Moreover, the time period was also less for the study and the assessment of the adolescent developmental stages. The data collection methods used for the study is the standardized and exclusive methods that are self-reported. The online surveys followed by paper surveys were conducted for assessing the st ressful levels, worry, anxiety and depression in the adolescents. More research is required for the assessment of the stressful life events and its impact on the adolescents. The research is required for assessing the stress role in the development of mental health problems (Thoits, 2013). There is a requirement of confirmation of the findings for the evidence-based recommendations. The nursing and health professionals in the health care systems need to develop intervention strategies that are evidence based and useful in the mitigation of risk factors. There is also a requirement of future longitudinal studies to address the context of the stressful life events experienced during the adolescent life. Ng Hurry, 2011 in their paper addressed the adolescents in Chinese context highlighting the adolescents who experienced stress. It also showed that the stressors in adolescents do not experience depression and is a helpful indicator for the identification of resilience factors. The study confirmed the relationship between stress and depression. The study confirmed the problem solving coping style and major non-productive role in the relationship with stress and depression. However, the study has some research gaps that need to be addressed for assessing the depression among the Hong Kong adolescents. There are many measurement issues that have raised potential questions regarding the measurement of stress in the adolescents. The ET subscale on TAS 20, the self-reported assessment reports by the adolescents that measured the family relationships and its quality. Moreover, the cross-sectional designs for conducting the study was a major drawback and needs further improvement. This kin d of design did not address the causation factors that were required to study the depression in the Hong Kong adolescents. However, this design was useful in studying the established associations, inter-relations that are present between the variables. The explanatory variables showed the degree of inter-relatedness suggesting a complex pattern of the causal connectedness. The experiences of the stressful events showed depressing results for the effective coping methods and emotional awareness raising questions about the factors that are not only protective but also responsive towards the negative outcomes. For assessing this, there is a requirement for studying the longitudinal method for the study in the future. There is also a need to explore the intervention strategies that encourages positive coping styles and practices of problem solving (Carr, 2015). References Carr, A. (2015). The handbook of child and adolescent clinical psychology: A contextual approach. Routledge. Hsieh, H. F., Zimmerman, M. A., Xue, Y., Bauermeister, J. A., Caldwell, C. H., Wang, Z., Hou, Y. (2014). Stress, active coping, and problem behaviors among Chinese adolescents. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 84(4), 364. Ng, C. S., Hurry, J. (2011). Depression amongst Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong: An evaluation of a stress moderation model. Social Indicators Research, 100(3), 499-516. Rodrguez-Naranjo, C., Cao, A. (2016). Daily stress and coping styles in adolescent hopelessness depression: Moderating effects of gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, 109-114. Thoits, P. A. (2013). Self, identity, stress, and mental health. In Handbook of the sociology of mental health (pp. 357-377). Springer Netherlands. Young, C. C., Dietrich, M. S. (2015). Stressful life events, worry, and rumination predict depressive and anxiety symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 28(1), 35-42.

Family - Meet The Simpsons Essays - Marge Simpson, The Simpsons

Family - Meet The Simpsons Meet the Simpsons Over time, the definition of what exactly family means has changed with time. Usually, what constitutes making up a family is relative to a specific culture, but as always, there are exceptions to the rule. Ever since the golden age of television had sprung upon American culture, television has tried to mimic the ideal American family through it's programming. Even as early as the 1950's, television producers made programming that would represent what exactly the ideal American family was. Take for example the show Leave It to Beaver. While I am not going to go in detail about each character, I am going to summarize the family structure and the role of the member. There was a father figure, his job, or responsibility rather, was to financially support the family, while being an exemplary father to his children. The mother on the other hand, was solely responsible for being a typical housewife, while not neglecting the rearing of her children. The children did not have any real responsibility, but they respected their parents and attempted to stay out of trouble. Television shows for the most part in this early era of programming followed among these lines. There has always been at least one show each decade that followed the evolution of American life. In the 1960's, there was the Andy Griffith Show. In the 1970's, there was a different spin on family life with the show All in the Family, which did not have the typical white collar father, and its emphasis was not on raising the children, rather it was after the children had grown up. While in the 1980's there was a split in the television programming representation of American families. There were still shows that represented the ideal American family, such as Different Strokes and Family Ties as well as The Cosby Show, but there was also a more realistic representation of American life in Married With Children. However, it is not in a drama that American family life is best represented in the 1990's. Instead, it is in the animated series, The Simpsons. The Simpsons follows suit with the other dramas that reflected the decade in which they aired. According to the U.S. consensus for March 1998, the majority of households in America are married couples (U.S. Consensus pp. 1, 3,4,6). The Simpson's meet this. Also according to the consensus, the average married couple has approximately 2.6 children per household (U.S. Consensus, Household Characteristics p.1). Since there cannot be six-tenths of a child, I will round up to three children, in which the Simpson family has: Bart, Lisa and Maggie. Also, the average American is a blue-collar worker. The father figure, Homer, meets this factor with his job at the nuclear power plant within his hometown of Springfield. So according to the statistics, the Simpson family could be considered an average American family. In the next part of the essay, I will look at each individual character of the Simpson family, and try to relate how that individual could be considered a typical American. I attempt to avoid using stereotypes, but nothing is full proof. I will look at some of the character's traits and try to relate how that is a parody of an American. First, I will begin with discussing the character of Homer Simpson. As you might know, Homer is the father figure of the household, whose responsibilities include financially supporting the household, since he is the household's primary source of income. He has his flaws like any person would, but somehow he and his family tend to work it out. Some of his mishaps are very similar to those that most of us have had to face. For example, he leaves the keys in his door to the house quite often (Hall, The Homer File p. 2). Another example, would be the time when he attempted to un-jam a toaster by shoving a knife in and out of it (Hall, The Homer File p.2). Homer also expresses concerns over his obesity as well as being a bad father (Hall, The Homer File p. 3). He also has a problem with his cursing, as well as his consumption of alcohol (Hall,

Biography of Mary Boleyn, the Boleyn Survivor

Biography of Mary Boleyn, the Boleyn Survivor Mary Boleyn (ca. 1499/1500–July 19, 1543) was a courtier and noblewoman at the court of Henry VIII of England. She was one of the king’s earlier mistresses before being supplanted by her sister Anne and marrying a soldier with little income. However, her absence from court allowed her to escape blame when her sister fell, and she was permitted to inherit what remained of the Boleyn property and fortune. Fast Facts: Mary Boleyn Occupation: CourtierKnown For: Sister of Anne Boleyn, mistress of King Henry VIII, and survivor of the Boleyns downfallBorn: circa 1499/1500 in Norfolk, EnglandDied: July 19, 1543 in EnglandSpouse(s): Sir William Carey (m. 1520-1528); William Stafford (m. 1534-1543)Children: Catherine Carey Knollys, Henry Carey, Edward Stafford, Anne Stafford Early Life in England and France Because of the shoddy record-keeping in the Tudor era, historians cannot pinpoint Mary’s exact date of birth or even her place in the birth order among the three Boleyn siblings. Most agree, however, that she was born around 1499 or 1500 at the Boleyn family home, Blickling Hall in Norfolk, and that she was the eldest child of Thomas Boleyn and his wife Katherine, nà ©e Lady Katherine Howard. The couple soon had another daughter, Anne, and a son, George. Mary was educated at her family’s primary seat, Hever Castle in Kent, along with her siblings. Her education consisted of basic school subjects such as math, history, reading, and writing, as well as the various skills and crafts required of a lady of noble birth, such as embroidery, music, etiquette, and dancing. When she was about fifteen, Mary’s father secured her a position in the royal court of France as a maid of honor to Princess Mary Tudor, soon to be Queen Mary of France. A Royal Mistress Twice Over Although young, Mary quickly established herself in the new queen’s household. Even when Queen Mary was widowed in 1515 and returned to England, Mary was permitted to stay behind at the court of Francis I. Her father Thomas, now the ambassador to France, and her sister Anne joined her. Between 1516 and 1519, Mary remained at the French court. While there, she apparently gained a reputation for her romantic behavior, having multiple affairs, including one with King Francis. Modern historians question whether contemporary accounts of her affairs were exaggerated or not; it certainly didn’t help that Francis infamously called her â€Å"a very great whore, the most infamous of all.† The Boleyns (aside from Anne) returned to England sometimes in 1519, and Mary was married to a respectable and wealthy courtier, William Carey, on February 2, 1520. She was given a position as a lady-in-waiting to the queen, Katherine of Aragon. Although King Henry was still fairly happy in his marriage to Katherine, it was well-known at this point that he often had affairs with the ladies of the court. One such affair, with a woman named Bessie Blount, resulted in an illegitimate son: Henry Fitzroy, whom the king acknowledged as his bastard. The queen, who had suffered several miscarriages and stillbirths and was approaching the end of her childbearing years, had no choice but to look the other way. At some point, though historians are unsure as to precisely when, Henry’s gaze fell on Mary, and they began an affair. In the early 1520s, Mary had two children: a daughter, Catherine Carey, and a son, Henry Carey. The rumor that King Henry fathered Catherine, Henry, or both has persisted and gained popularity, but there is no actual evidence behind the theory. The Other Boleyn For a time, Mary was the favorite of the court and the king (and thus of her family). However, in 1522, her sister Anne returned to England and also joined the queen’s court, although she and Mary likely moved in different circles, given Anne’s intense intellectual interests which Mary was not known to share. Anne became one of the more popular ladies at court, and, like so many before her, caught the attentions of the king. Unlike others, however, she refused to become his mistress. Many historians have interpreted this as an early sign of her ambitions to be queen, but other scholars have suggested that she simply was uninterested and would have preferred he cease his attentions so she could make a good, legitimate match. By 1527, however, Henry had made up his mind to divorce Katherine and marry Anne, and in the meantime, Anne was treated as de facto queen. Mary’s husband William died when the sweating sickness swept through the court in 1528, leaving her with debts. Anne took over guardianship of Mary’s son Henry, giving him a respectable education, and secured a widow’s pension for Mary. Anne was crowned queen on June 1, 1533, and Mary was one of her ladies. By 1534, Mary had remarried for love to William Stafford, a soldier and the second son of a landowner in Essex. Stafford had little income, and the couple was married in secret. When Mary became pregnant, however, they were forced to reveal their marriage. Queen Anne and the rest of the Boleyn family were furious that she had married without royal permission, and the couple was banished from court. Mary attempted to get the king’s advisor, Thomas Cromwell, to intervene on her behalf, but King Henry either never got the message or was not moved to action. Likewise, the Boleyns did not relent until Anne did; she sent Mary some money but did not reinstate her position at court. Between 1535 and 1536, Mary and William are believed to have had two children of their own: Edward Stafford (who died at the age of ten), and Anne Stafford, whose whereabouts as an adult are lost to history. Final Years and Legacy of Survival By 1536, Queen Anne had fallen out of favor, and she was arrested (along with her brother George and several male courtiers) and charged with treason, witchcraft, and adultery. Mary did not communicate with her family at this time – indeed, there is no record of contact after Anne’s brief gift following Mary’s exile. Anne was executed on May 19, 1536 (her brother had been executed the day prior), and the remains of the Boleyn family were disgraced. Mary, however, escaped notice. She and her family continued to live off their lands. Mary died on July 19, 1543; her specific cause of death is unknown. Mary never returned to court, but her daughter, Catherine Carey, was summoned by the head of the Howard/Boleyn clan to serve as a lady-in-waiting, first to Anne of Cleves, then to her distant cousin Catherine Howard. Eventually, she became the first lady of the bedchamber (a high-ranked lady-in-waiting) to her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. Through Catherine and her husband Sir Francis Knollys, Mary’s lineage remains in the British royal family to this day: Queen Elizabeth II is her descendant through her mother, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother. Mary was mostly forgotten by history in favor of the more colorful and influential figures of the Tudor era. She featured in a few historical fiction and non-fiction texts, but she gained attention in popular culture following Philippa Gregory’s 2001 novel The Other Boleyn Girl and its subsequent 2008 film adaptation. Because many details of her life were not recorded (she was noble, but not especially important), we only know bits and pieces about her. More than anything, her legacy is not one of being the â€Å"unimportant† Boleyn, but of being the Boleyn who survived and thrived. Sources Gregory, Philippa. The Other Boleyn Girl. Simon Schuster, 2001.Hart, Kelly. The Mistresses of Henry VIII.  The History Press, 2009.Weir, Alison. Mary Boleyn: The Mistress of Kings.  Ballantine Books, 2011.Wilkinson, Josephine. Mary Boleyn: The True Story of Henry VIIIs Favorite Mistress. Amberley, 2009.

Mormon Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mormon Church - Essay Example In the 1800’s a man named Joseph Smith was told to dig up these records and to translate them. That is where the Book of Mormon comes from. The Mormon Church is becoming a powerful church all over the world. They actively try to get people to visit their church and to join. There are missionaries all over the world doing this right now. Mitt Romney is trying to get elected as the President of the United States. This has raised interest in the Mormon Church because Mitt Romney is a Mormon. Attending two services of the Mormon Church seemed like the best way to learn about this culture and to understand how Mormons think and view the world. Setting Both of my meetings were held on a Sunday morning. The meetings were actually arranged into a three-hour block of time. The first meeting is referred to as Sacrament Meeting, the second hour is devoted to Sunday School, and the third meeting for men is called Priesthood Meeting while women attend Relief Society. The Chapel was a large , spacious building that was clean and tidy. There was very little ornamentation in the chapel. Typical symbols of Christianity such as a crucifix or statues of Jesus were conspicuously absent from the sanctuary. The building had a very utilitarian feel to it. The sanctuary was no more ornate than the simple classrooms that lined the halls. There were nicely framed paintings on the walls. I was unfamiliar with most of the themes and There was a children’s area and a space referred to as the Cultural Hall that included a basketball court and a stage. The meetings began at 9:00 AM and ended at 12:00 PM. There was a 5-10 minute break that appeared to exist mainly for socializing between each class period. Everything about the setting suggested order and efficiency, from the way the building was constructed and designed, to the way the various meetings were conducted. Participants The people in the congregation were mainly Caucasians. There were a few individuals that appeared to be of Latino descent and only one African American. There were approximately 220 participants in the Sacrament Meeting portion of the worship service. The group that seemed to most dominate the demographics of the congregation was families with children. There were many families with at least three small children and several that appeared to have more than five. Families appeared to sit together for most of the Sacrament Meeting time. There were some elderly women, but only one elderly man was in the congregation. Ethnically and demographically, the congregation was very homogenous. Sacrament Meeting The first meeting of the block each week is Sacrament Meeting. This is the most sacred service for Mormons because they pass bread and water to remember that Jesus died for their sins by giving his body and his blood. The blood is represented by water. The body is represented by bread. The meeting begins with a greeting by a man with the title of Bishop. He is the local leader of the c ongregation. He started the meeting by announcing changes in the Ward staffing assignments. A Ward is a geographic references to the area assigned to a particular congregation. In the Mormon Church, you are encouraged to attend the Ward that your town or community has been assigned to. Church staffing is all voluntary. The Bishop, the teachers and other participants receive no money for their time and efforts so there is no paid clergy in the Mormon Church. The Bishop